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The scalp order nizagara 50mg without prescription impotence 16 year old, like the rest of the skin buy nizagara online now cialis erectile dysfunction wiki, is a stratified squa- mous epithelium continually shedding dead microscopically sized corneocytes from the sur- face buy nizagara 50mg online jack3d causes erectile dysfunction. It is estimated that each person sheds about 4 kg of corneocyte squames per year (2). While bloodhounds may detect these shed flakes from normal scalps, we are generally only aware of them when they are large enough to see clumped on the scalp, adherent to the hairs, and visible on clothing. Seborrheic dermatitis of the scalp includes both visible flaking and inflammation with erythema and, generally, pruritus. Now that more is known about the pathophysiology of both conditions, it is reasonable to consider that most dandruff is seborrheic dermatitis with a range of inflamma- tory severity from inapparent to severe (1). At more severe grades, the flakes are present over more of the scalp, are larger, and accumulate in clumps (Figs. At its most severe, dandruff flaking can form a dense mat over the entire scalp surface. With clinically evident seborrheic dermatitis, the flaking may occur in patches with associ- ated erythema and serous oozing. Seborrheic dermatitis also typically affects other hair-bearing or oily areas such as the eyebrows, sideburns, beard, moustache, alar and nasolabial creases, postauricular creases, glabellar crease, and sternum (Fig. Even the axillae and intertriginous folds in adults and the diaper area of infants may be involved. Patients with seborrheic dermatitis commonly report a positive family history of similar problems, suggesting a genetic predisposition. The tendency to develop seborrheic dermatitis persists life-long but fluctuates in activity. It may appear as “cradle cap” (thick oily flaking at the vertex of the scalp) in infancy, remit during childhood, return during adolescence, and appear episodically thereafter (3). Seborrheic dermatitis may produce hypopigmentation or post-inflammatory hyper- pigmentation, especially noticeable on pigmented skin. The primary symptom is pruritus, although the degree of itching does not necessarily correlate directly with the degree of flaking. The Scalpdex and other quality-of-life measurement tools are available to assess these effects (6) There is often a discrepancy between the scalp condition severity and the patient’s aware- ness of it. In studies where subjects are asked to assess their scalp state prior to examination by a trained scalp grader, there is wide variation in the self-reported versus directly observed degree of scalp scale. This may be explained in part by a culturally learned reluctance to admit to “dandruff. In the past, it has been estimated that approximately 50% of the population have dandruff at some point in life, with 2–5% having inflammatory seborrheic dermatitis (7). The prevalence of scalp scale is higher in African American subjects, especially women, related in part to the decreased average shampoo frequency common to African American hairstyles. This was confirmed in population screening of 1408 Caucasian, African American, and Chinese adults and teenagers studied in Minnesota, Georgia, and China. The prevalence of noticeable flaking was 81–95% in African Americans, 66–82% in Caucasians, and 30–42% in the Chinese. The Chinese subjects, although they had a lower shampoo frequency, had a much higher prevalence of routine antidandruff shampoo use (10–20% in the United States vs 40–52% in the Chinese) which correlated with their overall lower level of flaking (7,8). Thus, there will usually be increased scale where the scalp creases, under hat bands and eyeglass frames, and under areas where the hair is gathered into a ponytail or twist. Temporary changes in hair care can affect dandruff, such as illness, stroke, or injury to the arm or hand impeding shampooing. There is even a subtle decrease in scale on the side of the dominant hand, presumably because of more effective mechanical scale removal during shampooing and brushing. Systemic Disease Associations Worsening seborrheic dermatitis is an early and prominent sign in Parkinson’s disease and related neurological conditions (9,10). The reason for this association is not clear, though pooling of sweat where the facial muscles are inactive, inability to remove sweat and sebum, or changes in sebum are postulated (11,12). Seborrheic dermatitis in this population has been reported to be more severe, more extensive, and more erythematous and papular than usual in immunocompetent individuals. Diagnosis is facilitated by observation of psoriatic plaques elsewhere on the body or typical nail disease. The therapeutic measures used for dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis are also the first line therapy for scalp psoriasis. Irritant dermatitis of the scalp presents with thin, dry, crackling scale plus symptoms of stinging, burning, or itching. It is most often produced by barrier disruption from strong sur- factants in shampoos or chemical treatments for hair styling. Patients with atopic dermatitis are particularly susceptible to such barrier damage. Tinea capitis, particularly Trichophyton tonsurans infection, may mimic dandruff or seb- orrheic dermatitis. Microscopic examination of scale and plucked hairs plus culture should be performed when tinea capitis is a possibility. Suggestive signs include “dandruff” in pre-puber- tal children, hair breakage or loss in affected areas, and cervical or postauricular adenopathy. This presents with large masses of scale adherent firmly to the hair shafts, especially at the vertex of the scalp. The initial focus of treatment is softening and removal of the matted scale by keratolytic agents. Other uncommon conditions may also be associated with scalp scaling such as ichthyo- sis, pityriasis rubra pilaris, zinc deficiency, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, and Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome (18). The tenets of this hypothesis are that the evolutionary forebears of Homo sapiens were adapted to a warm aquatic environment and that some of those adaptations persist today. Examples include our thick subcutaneous fat layer, lack of fur, stretched hind limbs, voluntary respiration, diving reflexes, and infant swimming. Even the finding that omega 3 fatty acids (“fish oils”) promote healthy human and ape brain development accords with this hypothesis (19–21). For dermatologic findings, this theory notes hair and sebaceous gland distribution as pro- moting streamlining for forward swimming in water. Thus, male vertex balding, the growth pattern of nose, ear and chest hair, and sebaceous gland concentration at the scalp, forehead, nose, and shoulders all appear adaptive for swimming. Even dandruff fits this hypothesis, as individual scales at the base of hairs are angled to assist in “slicking down” the hairs for decreased water resistance. The Greeks Galen and Celsus argued whether the nature of the squames was dry or exudative. In the late nineteenth century, Rivolta, Malassez (24) and Sabouraud described a bottle-shaped fungus (later called Pityrosporum ovale) on scalps with dandruff and considered it the cause of the condition. However, the finding of the same organism on normal scalps placed that explanation in doubt (25).
The simplest and strongest evidence is that many of the acupuncture effects can be eliminated or attenuated by the opioid receptor antagonists (Xia et al order nizagara 25 mg fast delivery erectile dysfunction treatment prostate cancer. Substantial data show that all the three major opioid receptors are involved in the acupuncture effects discount 100 mg nizagara visa erectile dysfunction pills supplements. There are also numerous reports showing that opioid receptor subtypes in the brain and spinal cord are differentially involved in producing acupuncture effects order nizagara 50mg otc erectile dysfunction drugs otc, depending on the experimental conditions and acupuncture effects tested (Fei et al. It is worth noting that some opioid receptors specifically participate in producing certain acupuncture effect, which varies with the brain regions. Some studies indicate that acupuncture-induced changes in the opioid receptor expression could also vary depending on the acupuncture conditions. In contrast, a slow and steady downregulation was found in the midbrain and striatum. Taken together, it seems that a mild and prolonged stimulation of acupuncture could increase the opioid receptor expression, while a strong and “over-long” stimulation may eventually lead to a decrease in the opioid receptor expression. At present, it is not well understood as to how acupuncture produces the thera- peutic effects on neurological disorders. The outcome information may potentially improve the clinical practice of acupuncture and provide novel insights into new solutions to some neurological disorders. Acupuncture and Electro therapeutics Research 8: 257 266 Herz A, Millan M (1989) Participation of opioids and opioid receptors in antinociception at various levels of the nervous system. China 3 Shanghai Research Center for Acupuncture and Meridians, Shanghai 201203, P. Acupuncture also regulates the expression and function of the corresponding receptors. However, the effects of acupuncture on the central neurotransmitters/modulators are dependent on the status of the organism and conditions of acupuncture (e. Although these data were largely obtained from the studies on acupuncture analgesia, it is reasonable to presume that acupuncture is capable of modulating the brain functions through the regulation of central neurotransmitters/modu-lators, because all the acupuncture-influenced neurotransmitters/modulators participate directly or indirectly in neural regulation in almost all aspects. Keywords neurotransmitters, modulators, monoamines, acetylcholine, amino acids 5 Effect of Acupuncture on Neurotransmitters/Modulators 5. Because of the unique nerve distribution and afferent pathway (see Chapter 2), specific acupoints, when stimulated by acupuncture or other approaches, may activate/inhibit certain neurotransmitters and modulators in various pathways. This chapter will summarize the progress in this field, except for the endogenous opioid peptides, which has been presented in Chapter 4. Owing to numerous earlier studies, we will make succinct description of the cited studies and present plumpish information in this short chapter. In the central nervous system, serotonin is believed to play an important role in the regulation of body temperature, mood, sleep, vomiting, sexuality, and appetite. However, their results were somewhat different from those of Takagi and Yonehara (1998), and this difference could be attributed to the different experimental conditions between their studies. The precursor tyrosine is transformed into dopamine by tyrosine hydroxylase, and the dopamine is subsequently transformed into noradrenalin by dopamine-ȕ- carboxylase. Noradrenalin is an important neurotransmitter of the post-ganglion sympathetic nerves and many central neurons, such as those in the locus ceruleus and hypothalamus. The released noradrenalin exhibits its effect by interacting with the adrenergic receptors. For example, through biochemical determination, Jin et al (1979) showed that acupuncture could decrease the content of noradrenalin in the rat brain. Some investigators suggest that acupuncture may change the rate of noradrenalin utilization and synthesis (Han et al. In an obese rat model, acupuncture also reduced the level of noradrenalin in the lateral hypothalamic area when inducing weight reduction. However, acupuncture may induce diverse effects in different brain areas in terms of the content of noradrenalin. Using histochemistry, Wei et al (1983a, 1983b) observed stronger noradrenalin staining in the posterior nucleus of the hypothalamus, lateral hypothalamic area, and intermediolateral nucleus of the spinal cord, after acupuncture treatment, while no significant change was found in the medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve. Zhu et al (1984) showed that after the injection of glutamic acid sodium in the newborn rats to destroy arcuate nuclei, a major source of E-endorphin, acupuncture analgesia was significantly attenuated and the content of noradrenalin was higher in the brain of the experimental group than that in the control group. Destruction of the arcuate 125 Acupuncture Therapy of Neurological Diseases: A Neurobiological View nuclei along with the removal of pituitary gland, which greatly reduced the level of E-endorphin in the brain, further attenuated acupuncture analgesia and increased the content of noradrenalin in the brain. They observed that phentolamine could strengthen acupuncture analgesia, while noradrenalin could antagonize it. Till date, however, the noradrenalin receptor mechanism underlying acupuncture effects is not yet well understood. Currently, there is no convincing evidence to demonstrate the effect of acupuncture on the expression of noradrenergic receptors, though some reports suggest that acupuncture could alter the expression of noradrenergic receptors in the lung tissues of guinea pigs with asthma (Chen et al. Dopaminergic neurons uptake tyrosine and convert it to 3, 4 hydroxy-phenylalanine by the action of tyrosine hydroxylase, and subsequently to dopamine by the action of dopa decarboxylase. After the release, dopamine binds to the dopaminergic receptors for the functional activity and is cleaned-up by the reuptake and enzymatic destruction. The effect of acupuncture on the dopaminergic system may vary with the brain regions and acupuncture conditions. Hence, different patterns of dopamine release and content after acupuncture could be observed, which should be clarified in future studies. These results suggest that the effect of acupuncture on the dopaminergic activity may be achieved through the regulation of other neurotransmitter systems. These results suggest that D2 receptor may be involved in pain modulation and its activation may enhance acupuncture analgesia. They observed that 6-hydroxy- dopamine lesion in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental areas could induce an upregulation of the striatal D2-binding sites. In general, the effects of acupuncture on the dopamine system appear to be complicated in the literature, and more investigations are needed to draw a clear picture. It is synthesized with choline and acetyl coenzyme A by choline acetyl transferase. Several early studies have shown that acupuncture could alter the activity of these cholinergic enzymes. They concluded that acupuncture could regulate the enzymology of the motor neuron of the anterior horn of the injured spinal cord, and attenuate or delay the neuronal deterioration and promote their recovery. All these observations demonstrate that acupuncture could enhance the cholinergic activity in the central nervous system. However, current information is not yet sufficient to conclude the effect of acupuncture on the expression of cholinergic receptors. Many studies suggest that acupuncture may decrease the activity of excitatory amino acids (e. However, most of other studies showed that after acupuncture, the contents of excitatory amino acids decreased. Therefore, it is very likely that acupuncture could decrease the content of excitatory amino acids in the brain. The level of glycine was also observed to increase in the lumbosacral areas of the spinal cord, but showed no appreciable change in the cortex and hippocampus. A study on acupoints suggests that stimulation of acupoints could induce the release of substance P through primary afferent reflex and change the content of substance P in the skin along the channel of Foot-Yangming (Cao and Wang, 1989; Cao et al. This might be owing to a functional interaction between substance P and endogenous opioid peptides (Cao and Wang, 1989).
However cheap nizagara online american express erectile dysfunction treatment yoga, 30 min after the shock buy nizagara 25 mg with visa erectile dysfunction caverject injection, the level of plasma angiotensin Ċ significantly increased to 64 discount 50mg nizagara mastercard erectile dysfunction systems. The level was even higher at 60 min after the shock, but was significantly lower in the acupuncture group. This may be beneficial in the early period of shock for recovering blood volume and redistributing the blood to important organs like the brain, heart, and kidney. In the non-acupuncture group, the angiotensin Ċ level was high, while the blood pressure decreased. In contrast, in the acupuncture group, the blood pressure increased, while the level of angiotensin Ċ was relatively lower. The authors interpreted that an increase in the angiotensin Ċ level might be beneficial to the body at the beginning of hemorrhagic shock, but an over-increase may not be necessarily helpful to the body. However, under the condition of shock, the vasoconstriction of the microcirculatory arteries deteriorates microcirculation. The contents of oxytocin in the hypothalamus, antepituitary, and postpituitary tissues were measured by radioimmunoassay. With the same intensity, higher-frequency stimulation was observed to be better than the lower-frequency stimulation, and with the same frequency, higher-intensity stimulation was better than the lower- intensity stimulation. Hu et al (1999) also detected 2+ 2+ intracellular free calcium ([Ca ]i) and free magnesium ([Mg ]i) ions in the 2+ cardiac myocytes in the same model, and found that [Ca ]i was significantly 2+ decreased, while [Mg ]i was increased with a significant decrease in the ratio of 2+ 2+ [Ca ]i/[Mg ]i. Thus, the authors thought that free calcium and magnesium ions in the cardiac myocytes might play a role in regulating the blood pressure in hypotension during acupuncture therapy. The mechanistic research has shown that acupuncture signals are transmitted through the nervous pathway and integrated into the brain, and the output signals regulate the balance of the body fluid and electrolytes, endocrine secretion, gene expression, and many other factors. In spite of the remarkable achievements in this field, many shortfalls exist in the earlier studies. In the clinical literature, the main problems include the small sample size and lack of convincing data of the control. Similarly, in the basic research, there were some flaws in the design of some experiments and data interpretation. For example, some investigators misinterpreted the results or 317 Acupuncture Therapy of Neurological Diseases: A Neurobiological View made wrong conclusions. In this chapter, we have tried to summarize and present comprehensive information on this topic. However, this does not necessarily mean that we agree with all the explanations and conclusions presented in the original articles. Advanced studies on this interesting subject with new techniques and rigorous randomized controlled trials may provide better knowledge on acupuncture regulation of cardiovascular system and help us to better understand the mystery of acupuncture therapy, and eventually provide some clues for new solutions to cardiovascular disorders. Shanghai Journal of Acupuncture and Moxibustion 25(3): 15 16 (in Chinese with English abstract) 318 11 Acupuncture Therapy for Hypertension and Hypotension Chen S, Zhang S, Gong Y, Dai K, Sui M, Yu Y, Ning G (2008) The role of the autonomic nervous system in hypertension: a bond graph model study. Shanghai Journal of Acupuncture and Moxibustion 16(2): 30 31 (in Chinese with English abstract) Goldblart H (1934) Studies on experimental hypertension: production of persistent elevation of systolic blood pressure by means of renal ischemia. Am J Hypertens 22: 122 128 Li P (1986) Suppression effect of electric acupuncture on experimental boost pressure reaction and arrhythmia in ventrolateral medulla. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion 19: 227 230 (in Chinese with English abstract) Li P (2002) Neural mechanisms of the effect of acupuncture on cardiovascular diseases. Journal of Hubei College of Traditional Chinese Medicine 2(4): 53 55 (in Chinese) Li J, Lin Q, Li P (1993) Effect of somatic nerve stimulation on blood pressure in normotensive and haemorrhagic rats. J Appl Physiol 106: 620 630 320 11 Acupuncture Therapy for Hypertension and Hypotension Lithell H (1995) Metabolic aspects of the treatment of hypertension. Science Press, Beijing Liu D, Fan S, Shen Y (2003) Empirical study of acupuncture on hypertensive disease. Prog Cardiovase Dis 17: 51 Research group of Anhui medical college (1960) Effects of acupuncture on blood pressure of normal animal and chronicity experimental hypertension. Acta Chinese Medicine and Pharmacology 4(1): 18 20 (in Chinese with English abstract) Wang Y (1996) Syndrome differentiation treatment of 95 hypertension by Acupuncture. Jiangsu Medicine 11(6): 34 36 (in Chinese) Xia Y (1989) Pressor effect of naloxone in acute experimental rabbits. Chinese Journal of Pathophysiology 4: 33 (in Chinese with English abstract) Yao T (1993) Acupuncture and somatic nerve stimulation: mechanism underlying effects on cardiovascular and renal activities. Brain Res 240: 77 85 Yi S, Hiromi M, Shingo H, Hiroyuki S (2003) Pressor effect of electroacupuncture on hemorrhagic hypotension. Acupuncture Research 10: 304 309 (in Chinese with English abstract) Zhang W (1999) Recently study in hypertension treatment by acupuncture and moxibustion. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion 5: 301 305 (in Chinese with English abstract) 325 12 Effect of Acupuncture on Epilepsy Ru Yang and Jieshi Cheng State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. China Summary Acupuncture has been used for suppression of epileptic seizure for more than two thousand years in Chinese medicine. Also, significant progress towards elucidating the biological basis of the acupuncture suppression has been made in the past several decades. This chapter will summarize the clinical applications and the experimental studies on acupuncture therapy for epilepsy. The therapeutic methods of acupuncture or simulated acupuncture include fine acupuncture, catgut implantation at acupoints, acupuncture plus Chinese herbs and many others. Most reports showed that acupuncture induced remarkable efficacy although there was negative evidence in some of the studies. Optimizing acupuncture conditions including delivery ways, acupoints and stimulation parameters may further improve the efficacy of acupuncture therapy for epilepsy. In animal models, neurobiological insights into the underlying mechanism have been achieved by a variety of modern approaches including biochemical, molecular, electrophysiological, immunological techniques as well as electroencephalogram and power spectra. Accumulating data have showed that acupuncture suppress epileptic seizure through regulation of several neurotransmitters/modulators and their receptors including excitatory (e. However, the cellular and molecular basis of acupuncture therapy for epilepsy is far away from well understanding. Keywords seizure, acupuncture, electroencephalogram, excitatory amino acids, inhibitory amino acids 12. The neurophysiologic disorder of cerebral function leads to paroxysmal derangement 12 Effect of Acupuncture on Epilepsy of epileptic seizure. Different occurrences of seizure activity in different regions of the brain cause different patterns of pathophysiologic behavior. Seizure can be involved with instant loss of consciousness that might be undetectable to the patient or a witness nearby. It can also be associated with severe symptoms, such as a several-second-lasting jerking of entire body induced by a grand mal tonic-clonic seizure. Other mechanism considerations are related to widespread neurotransmitters, neuropeptides and receptor systems, such as imbalance of enkephalin and dynorphin, release of nitric oxide and influx of calcium.
