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Lastly quality 100 caps geriforte syrup herbals teas for the lungs, fluoride affects the morphology of the crown of the tooth discount 100caps geriforte syrup overnight delivery sathuragiri herbals, making the coronal pits and fissures shallower discount geriforte syrup 100 caps on-line herbals for horses. Such shallower pits and fissures will be less likely to collect food debris, allow stagnation and become decayed. The most important of these mechanisms is that when fluoride is present in the oral environment at the time of the acid attack it inhibits demineralization and promotes remineralization. As early as 1890, Miller drew attention to the dissolutive process of dental caries and directed efforts to inhibit dissolution. The clinical findings of the anti-caries activity of drinking water with fluoride caused researchers to seek reasons for this. The finding that fluoride-treated enamel had a lower solubility led many to consider this as a cause and effect relationship. The anti-caries action of fluoride was thought to be one of preventing dissolution of enamel, and efforts were made to incorporate more and more amounts of fluoride into surface enamel. The first topical agent used, after water fluoridation, was a 2% sodium fluoride solution and there was a greater uptake of fluoride into enamel from acidified solutions. Numerous fluoride preparations with varying concentrations of fluoride were employed for topical application and used as anti-caries agents. It was noted that there was not much difference in the caries reductions reported from the topical fluoride studies despite great variations in the fluoride concentrations used. In addition, the difference in the levels of fluoride in surface enamel of residents of fluoridated and non-fluoridated areas was limited. Therefore, it is difficult to explain the 50% reduction of caries observed, on the basis of the fluoride level in the surface enamel. Furthermore, there has been no study to show any clear-cut inverse relationship between fluoride content of surface enamel and dental caries. All the available evidence is that caries results from the presence of an acidogenic plaque on elements of the tooth mineral. The diffusion of acidic components into the tooth mineral is accompanied by the reverse diffusion of components of the mineral. During the carious process there is a preferential loss of calcium, accompanied by dissolution of magnesium and carbonate. It has been reported that attacked enamel could re-harden on exposure to saliva and that softened enamel could be re-hardened by solutions of calcium phosphates in vitro. However, it is now known that it is the presence of fluoride in the oral cavity, and in particular, its presence in the liquid phase at the enamel-plaque interface, that is of most importance. In the past it was thought that the systemic action of fluoride was important for caries prevention. This view has completely changed and it is now known that it is the topical action of fluoride that is essential for caries prevention. It is the presence of fluoride in the liquid phase at the plaque-enamel interface that is of most importance. It has been stated that the activity of the fluoride ion in the oral fluid that is important in reducing the solubility of the enamel rather than a high content of fluoride in the enamel. The level of fluoride in saliva is thought to be important for caries prevention and it has been shown that caries susceptible subjects had salivary fluoride levels of <0. Key Points Fluorides • It is the activity of the fluoride ion in the oral fluid that is of most importance in reducing enamel solubility rather than having a high content of fluoride in surface enamel. There are a vast number of fluoride products that are available for systemic and topical use. Water fluoridation This is a systemic method of providing fluoride on a community basis. Over 300 million people worldwide receive naturally or artificially fluoridated water. This was in a pre- fluoride era and perhaps the optimum level needs to be reviewed. There have been 113 studies in 23 countries over the last 60 years showing that dental caries is reduced by 50%. There is usually very poor patient compliance especially for high-caries risk groups. The doses vary worldwide and are being increasingly held responsible for the rise in fluorosis. The fluoride supplement doses depend on the age of the patient and the level of fluoride in the drinking water. No supplements should be prescribed if the water fluoride level is greater than 0. The European view on supplements is that they have no role as a public health measure, and when they are prescribed 0. The tablets should be allowed to dissolve slowly in the mouth, thus providing a topical application of fluoride to the teeth. Other methods for providing systemic fluoride There are of course other systemic methods for providing fluoride to the community. These are: (1) salt⎯50% caries reductions in Switzerland and Hungary; (2) milk⎯15-65% caries reductions; (3) mineral Water⎯46% caries reductions in Bulgaria. Are we therefore receiving more than the optimum daily amount of fluoride and therefore at increased risk of fluorosis? Mineral waters are used extensively as the main source of household drinking water. In addition some baby milk formulas have high amounts of fluoride themselves, and if made up with a high fluoride bottled water the infant may be at increased risk of developing dental fluorosis. The maxillary permanent central incisors are most susceptible to fluorosis at about 2 years of age. The same applies to foods that are processed and canned or packaged in plants using fluoridated water. Toothpastes A dramatic decrease in worldwide caries levels has been seen since their introduction in the early 1970s. Child formulations contain up to 550 ppm fluoride to limit fluoride ingestion and therefore reduce the risk of fluorosis. A systematic review of low fluoride toothpastes showed a reduced efficacy of 250 ppm fluoride in comparison to 1000 ppm fluoride. Therefore, it is advisable to recommend toothpastes for children containing at least 500 ppm fluoride to ensure caries preventive efficacy. It is sometimes difficult to decide which concentration of fluoride toothpaste is to be recommended to parents for their children. However, if a young child under 6 years presents with caries, a fluoride toothpaste of at least 1000 ppm is indicated as these have been proven to be more efficacious for caries prevention. Fluoride gels These can be applied in trays or by brush and 26% caries reductions have been reported.
Diseases
He believes his father’s cause of death was sud- den cardiac death and recalls being told his father had an V-83 buy geriforte syrup 100 caps without a prescription herbs used for anxiety. His elec- hypertrophy occurs over time and maintains cardiac out- trocardiogram shows evidence of left ventricular hyper- put in the face of increased preload discount 100 caps geriforte syrup free shipping herbals amla shikakai reetha shampoo. You suspect hypertrophic cardiomyopathy as the are adverse effects of left ventricular hypertrophy except cause of the patient’s heart disease purchase generic geriforte syrup from india lotus herbals 4 layer facial. C and D with a rumbling quality, with an opening snap heard best at the left-ventricular apex. A patient is noted to have a crescendo-decrescendo the patient to be in sinus rhythm with evidence of left mid-systolic murmur on examination. Finally, the patient is whether or not to correct this patient’s valvular heart dis- asked to perform a Valsalva maneuver and the murmur ease, which of the following tests is indicated? You are asked to give medical clearance for a 75-year- trolled type 2 diabetes mellitus (HbA1C of 8. He also has diet-control diabetes mel- is 154/87 mmHg and fasting plasma glucose is 130 mg/ litus. He denies any current or prior cardiac pril, hydrochlorothiazide, and atorvastatin. Based on our Physical examination is unrevealing with the exception of current understanding of the metabolic syndrome, treat- a right carotid bruit. An electrocardiogram is unremark- ing which of the following underlying conditions is the able with the exception of premature ventricular contrac- primary approach to treating this disorder? Which of the following statements about cardiovas- cular disease in the United States is correct? Which of the following disorders is not associated with ventricular tachycardia as a cause of syncope? Death secondary to cardiovascular disease remains higher in men compared to women. While age-adjusted cardiovascular deaths are declin- ing in the United States, hospital admissions for car- V-90. A 20-year-old female is seen in the emergency de- diovascular disease and congestive heart failure partment with symptoms of severe periodic headaches, continue to rise. Women are more likely than men to present with of feeling light-headed with standing. Her blood pressure symptoms of chest pain with nausea, vomiting, and on presentation is 240/136, with a heart rate of 92. A 40-year-old male with diabetes and schizophrenia patient has mild blurring of the optic discs without hem- is started on antibiotic therapy for chronic osteomyelitis orrhage. His osteomyelitis has developed just un- the best medication for the management of this patient’s derlying an ulcer where he has been injecting heroin. Which of the following patients with aortic dissec- tion can be managed without surgical or endovascular in- A. Potassium and extends to below the left renal artery and with a baseline creatinine of 1. A 41-year-old male with an ascending aortic dissec- sents to the hospital with 30 min of chest pain. He reports tion that extends past the left common carotid ar- that over the past 2 weeks, he has developed his typical an- tery after an automobile accident ginal symptoms of chest pressure radiating to his jaw and C. A 42-year-old male with Marfan’s syndrome with a left arm with progressively less exertion. He has been using distal aortic dissection beginning just below the left sublingual nitroglycerin more frequently. His other medi- subclavian artery and an aortic root of 53 mm cation includes a beta blocker, aspirin, and lovastatin. A 56-year-old male with a descending aortic dissec- for a blood pressure of 140/88 mmHg; a heart rate of 110/ tion that encompasses the origin of the renal and il- min, and a respiratory rate of 25/min. He has bilateral iac arteries with rest claudication crackles halfway up both lung fields and has a 3/6 systolic murmur that radiates to his axilla. The pulmonary, abdominal, ex- drome and narrow complex tachycardia tremity, and neurologic examinations are normal. A 28-year-old male with known preexcitation syn- echocardiogram demonstrates a normal ejection frac- drome and wide complex tachycardia tion without an effusion. What is the prior history of heart disease most appropriate treatment for this patient? His care provider is measurements concerned about pneumonia, so a chest radiograph is B. On the chest radiograph, the aorta appears tor- and stent tuous with a widened mediastinum. Consult interventional radiology for placement of ing hit in the chest with a ball while playing lacrosse. A 44-year-old woman presents to the emergency The murmur is best heard at the lower left sternal bor- room complaining of acute onset of chest pain. The murmur does not radiate describes the chest pain as 10/10 in intensity, with a to the neck. With passive elevation of the legs, the mur- lying flat and better when sitting upright. Tricuspid regurgitation decrease in macrovascular complications (coronary ar- tery disease, stroke) in patients with diabetes and dyslipi- V-104. Insulin resistance and fasting hyperglycemia are im- demia except portant when creating a treatment program for the meta- A. Metformin is more effective than the combination of weight reduction, dietary fat restriction, and in- V-108. Pulsus paradoxus can be described by which of the creased physical activity for the prevention of diabe- following statements? Metformin is superior to other drug classes for in- asthma exacerbations in which the negative intra- creasing insulin sensitivity. Thiazolidinediones, but not metformin, improve in- with a resultant increase in systolic pressure during sulin-mediated glucose uptake in muscle. Pulsus paradoxus has not been described in patients ducing the incidence of diabetes mellitus. Pulsus paradoxus describes the finding of dimin- myopathy is offered a heart transplant from a 20-year-old ished pulses during inspiration, when the peripheral female with brain death after a skiing accident. A drop in systolic pressure during inspiration of vised about if he decides to accept the heart? Risk of rejection of transplanted organ when there is an exaggeration of the normal decrease C.
Diseases
Hypertension cheap 100 caps geriforte syrup with visa jeevan herbals, J Roy Coll Phys Lon 1999; 33: 119-23 100 Questions in Cardiology 15 8 How do I m anage the patient with m alignant hypertension? The identification of m alignant hypertension should prom pt an urgent and active search for secondary causes of hypertension generic geriforte syrup 100 caps amex herbs definition, particularly renal disease (acute renal failure m ust be excluded) buy discount geriforte syrup online bajaj herbals pvt ltd ahmedabad, renovascular disease and phaeochrom ocytom a. M anagem ent is based on the published experience from case series rather than random ised controlled trials. In the absence of hypertensive heart failure, aortic dissection or fits and confusion (hypertensive encephalopathy), bed rest and oral antihyper- tensive treatm ent are the m ainstays of m anagem ent, the aim being to reduce the diastolic blood pressure gradually to 100m m Hg in the first few hours of presentation. Sim ilarly, angiotensin-converting enzym e inhibitors should also be avoided because of the risk of first dose hypotension. O lder drugs such as hydralazine (25–50m g 8 hourly), or m ethyldopa (10–20m g 8 hourly) have been used successfully and are an alternative in individuals in w hom - adrenoceptor blockers are contraindicated. Labetalol (initial dose 15m g/hr) or sodium nitroprusside (initial dose 10 m icrogram s/m in) are effective and readily titratable agents. The aim is to titrate the dose upw ards to produce a controlled reduction in diastolic blood pressure to 100m m Hg 16 100 Questions in Cardiology over 1–2 hours. For hypertensive encephalopathy in the context of pre-eclam psia, intravenous m agnesium sulphate is a specific therapy. Although benefit extends to those at low absolute risk of an event it is sensible to reserve pharm aco- logical therapy for those at highest risk. Recent joint recom m enda- tions of the British Cardiac Society, British Hyperlipidaem ia Association and British Hypertension Society3 suggest treatm ent (as a m inim um ) for an absolute risk of 30% or greater over 10 years w ith the ultim ate objective of treating those w ith risk exceeding 15%. These charts do not apply to individuals w ith severe hypertension, fam ilial dyslipidaem ia or diabetic patients w ith associated target organ dam age w ho should receive statin therapy. Prevention of coronary heart disease w ith pravastatin in m en w ith hypercholesterolaem ia. British Cardiac Society, British Hyperlipidaem ia Association, British Hypertension Society endorsed by the British Diabetic Association. Prelim inary evidence from the Post Coronary Artery Bypass Trial4 suggests that low er is better but this w as an angiographic rather than an event study. Random ised trial of cholesterol low ering in 4444 patients w ith coronary heart disease. The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after m yocardial infarction in patients w ith average cholesterol levels. Prevention of cardiovascular events and death w ith pravastatin in patients w ith coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels. The effect of aggressive low ering of low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and low dose anticoagulation on obstructive changes in saphenous vein bypass grafts. There is little inform ation on the use of statins in children, and they should be stopped in w om en at least 6 w eeks prior to conception. Anion-exchange resins interrupt the enterohepatic circulation of bile and cholesterol, causing body levels to fall. The resins have been used w ith positive outcom e in several angiographic trials and in an early positive end point trial (the Lipid Research Clinics trial). They are first line treatm ent for severe hypertriglyceridaem ia and (in com bination w ith statins) in severe m ixed lipaem ia. They are second line drugs in patients intolerant of statins for hyper- cholesterolaem ia and m ixed lipaem ia. High dose fish oil capsules have a role in the treatm ent of severe hypertriglyceridaem ia. In practice they are used in com bination w ith fibrates and occasionally statins. The author has also used them in rare patients w ith fam ilial hypertriglyceridaem ia during pregnancy to protect against pancreatitis. In the m ajor end point trials, adverse events w ere little different from placebo. Patients should be w arned to stop the drugs if severe m uscle pain is experienced. Approxim ately one in 400 patients w ill develop greater than 3-fold transam inase increases w hich revert to norm al w ith dose reduction or stopping of the drug. It is good practice to check liver function tests periodically during statin therapy. Fibrates These are also generally w ell tolerated but can also cause m yositis and hepatic dysfunction. This drug is now redundant and the new er fibrates have less im pact on biliary com position. Doubt rem ains concerning long term safety w ith the fibrate class in term s of non-cardiac m ortality. Drug interactions Care should be exercised w hen statins are com bined w ith fibrates or used in patients taking cyclosporin (e. Dosage should be lim ited in transplant patients taking cyclosporin as drug levels are increased. Care should also be exercised w hen used in com bination w ith drugs m etabolised through the cytochrom e P450 pathw ay (e. There is a theoretical potential for interaction w ith w arfarin but the author has not found this a problem in practice. Resins The resins are associated w ith a high frequency of gastrointestinal side effects w hich lim it their use. They m ay interfere w ith the absorption of other drugs so should be taken either one hour before or four hours after other therapeutic agents. The resins theoretically m ay interfere w ith the absorption of fat soluble vitam ins and folic acid but this is not a m ajor problem in practice. How ever, perhaps w ith increasing indication of the role of hom o- cysteine as a risk factor, folic acid supplem ents m ight be recom m ended in patients on resins. Peter Clifton Three large prospective studies have show n that vitam in E users have a 40% low er rate of coronary artery disease. How ever, one large study in postm enopausal w om en show ed no benefit from vitam in E supplem entation, but high dietary vitam in E consum ption reduced the risk by 58%. At present there are only tw o intervention studies in patients w ith coronary artery disease available to guide therapeutic decisions. Both studies show ed that vitam in E does not save lives in patients w ith coronary artery disease and that it m ay increase the num ber of deaths. In the latter study it could be argued that the low dose of vitam in E used did not prevent m yocardial infarction but w hen one occurred it w as m ore often fatal. Until m ore com pelling evidence is available the potential adverse effect of vitam in E does not outw eigh the benefit of few er non-fatal m yocardial infarctions.
