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In con- recognize that acquiring informant reports from peers and family trast buy cheap cialis super active 20 mg line erectile dysfunction what age, Neuroticism as assessed by receptionist ratings was not associated members who know an individual well may pose some practical with health in either the bivariate model or after controlling for baseline challenges in primary-care settings order cialis super active 20mg otc erectile dysfunction essential oils. The table displays the association between age-26 personality and age-38 poor health cheap cialis super active online american express impotence erectile dysfunction, controlling for childhood intelligence. The scale was reverse coded so that a higher score equals poorer self-reported health. Realistically, the complexities of translating contributes to health take shape across the life course and are molecular targets into actionable medical guidelines mean that this intertwined with individuals daily decisions to engage in activities goal is more distant than previously anticipated (Ioannidis, 2009). Five-item informant ratings of an individual s Con- Previous studies have convincingly shown that self-reports of scientiousness and Openness to Experience when Study members Conscientiousness predict health outcomes. Our analysis dem- were young adults could foretell their physical health at age 38, onstrates that these associations are not dependent on the source adding incremental prognostic information even after accounting of personality measurement. Third-party observers, both those who for measures routinely ascertained in primary care settings. Even knew Study members well and those who did not, were able to more powerfully, informant ratings of Conscientiousness and rely solely on externally expressed cues to identify the charac- Openness to Experience predicted decline in physical health over teristic features of an individual s Conscientiousness in a man- a 12-year period. Moreover, fleeting encounters with Study mem- ner that is predictive of health decline. In addition to bolstering bers provided enough of an impression for the Study nurse and the evidence base that individual differences in Conscientious- receptionist to make personality assessments that provide prognos- ness are likely the most salient of the Big Five personality tic value in predicting Study members health. These staff impres- dimensions to contribute to overall health, our research also sions of Conscientiousness and Openness to Experience at zero demonstrates that (at least in regards to predicting health) acquaintance yielded similar predictive utility as informant reports accurate measurement of Conscientiousness does not require despite differences in Study member age at personality assessment privileged access to the self. Our findings suggest that integrating personality likely impacts health processes in a manner similar to intelligence measurement into primary care may be an inexpensive and acces- (Gregory, Nettelbeck, & Wilson, 2010). Our analysis suggests that sible way to identify which young adults are in need of their assessing Openness to Experience may be a simple and accessible doctors attention to promote a healthy lifestyle while they are yet window into attributes of intelligence associated with future health young, in time to prevent disease onset. Accumulating research shows that low intelligence is linked to a broad array of health outcomes such as cancer, cardiovascular Why Do Conscientiousness and Openness to disease, and all-cause mortality (Batty & Deary, 2004; Batty, Experience Predict Health? People higher in intelligence ness are more likely to engage in active lifestyles and maintain are likely to have knowledge conducive to preventing age-related healthy diets (Bogg & Roberts, 2004). This may explain the mixed findings for Openness to Experience in predicting health outcomes when measured using self-reports. Previous research has suggested that observer reports may result in more accurate pre- diction of Openness to Experience/Intellect and result in more unique predictive validity (Vazire, 2010). In regards to health prediction, observer ratings of low Openness to Experience were consistently predictive of poorer physical health. The prospective utility of Neuroticism for predicting health outcomes is a matter of ongoing debate. There is broad consensus that Neuroticism predicts health complaints and health service use (B. There is less consensus about whether Neuroticism predicts objectively measured health (Costa & Mc- Crae, 1987; Watson & Pennebaker, 1989). In the present study, neither informant nor staff ratings consistently predicted objective poor health. These results should be interpreted in reference to research about what type of person- ality information is captured in observer ratings versus self-reports. Although observer reports rely on externally expressed cues, self- reports have privileged access to an individual s thoughts and feelings. It has been argued that this distinction may result in asymmetry between self- and observer reports for traits such as Neuroticism (Vazire, 2010). We did not collect self-reports of Big Five personality traits, and so we could not compare health pre- diction between observer- and self-reports of personality directly. Although we demonstrate that observer ratings of personality predict future health, we do not rule out the potential of self-report measures to provide equally valuable inferences. Thus, although the association between Neuroticism and health appears less robust than Conscientiousness, the extent to which self-reports of Neu- roticism predict objective health remains an open question. First, we did not collect self-reports of Big Five personality and thus could not directly compare the predictive utility of observer ratings with self-report ratings. Rather, we relied on a substantial literature demonstrating links between self-reported personality and health to serve as the reference point for our examination of observer-reported person- ality and health. Second, the personality effects we report are small, but these should be evaluated relative to other well-established risk factors for poor health. Adding However, all of the clinical indicators reported here are well personality measures to electronic infrastructures of health records characterized and have prognostic utility as early warning mea- could provide an invaluable data resource for researchers to ex- sures for morbidity and mortality (Blair et al. Randomized controlled trials should be dimensions (Benet-Martnez & John, 1998; McCrae & Terrac- conducted in which health care providers either have access to ciano, 2005) suggests that findings from New Zealand should personality information or not. There is countries where healthcare is less accessible and accessing it ongoing debate about how to address behavioral risk factors for requires greater conscientious effort. Our findings suggest that interventions requiring effortful Next Steps planning, self-control, and strict adherence are less likely to be effective for segments of the population in which these psycho- Healthcare reform in the United States is leading to a substantial logical resources are in shortest supply (i. This rapid increase presents a timely opportunity for health- individuals low in Conscientiousness may increase the appeal of care professionals to encourage young adults to supplant the health health-promotion communication, and the effectiveness of health- risk behaviors of youth with health-promoting habits for midlife. Self-reports have known social desirability biases, and such effects may be com- pounded if patients were to complete personality questionnaires References knowing that the outcome could affect the type of medical treat- ment they would receive. Intelligence, personality, and ratings were not guaranteed, would reporters self or other be interests: Evidence for overlapping traits. Personality structure: Emergence of the five-factor cultures and ethnic groups: Multitrait-multimethod analyses of the Big model. Conscientiousness and health-related behaviors: A meta-analysis of the leading behavioral contributors to British Journal of Health Psychology, 17, 85 102. Is personality associated with health care use by older Evidence and implications for a personality trait marker of health and adults? The disease-prone person- s12160-012-9454-6 ality : A meta-analytic view of the construct. Conscientiousness and longevity: An examination of possible personality-targeted prevention program for adolescent alcohol use and mediators. Neuroticism, somatic complaints, agreement of personality judgments at zero acquaintance. Self-rated health and mortality: A disease: Prospective study and updated meta-analyses. Personalized genetic prediction: Too limited, too as predictors of illness and death: How researchers in differential psy- expensive, or too soon? The Big Five trait taxonomy: History, Actual causes of death in the United States, 2000. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 166, 240 integrated guidelines for cardiovascular health and risk reduction in 247. The power of personality: The comparative validity of person- traits from the observer s perspective: Data from 50 cultures. Impact of psycho- quality, scaling assumptions, and reliability across diverse patient logical factors on the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease and impli- groups.
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Similar principles apply to the treatment of frontal cheap 20 mg cialis super active amex erectile dysfunction caused by high blood pressure medication, ethmoid quality 20mg cialis super active impotence essential oils, or sphenoid sinusitis purchase 20 mg cialis super active free shipping losartan causes erectile dysfunction. Adequate open drainage of frontal sinuses can be achieved by trephination through the roof of the orbit. If acute ethmoiditis is refractory to antibiotics, intranasal or external ethmoidectomy may be required. Sphenoid sinusitis, which often occurs with ethmoid sinusitis, may require a surgical aspiration and drainage procedure. Patients with asthma who undergo sinus surgery should receive a thorough evaluation. In steroid-dependent patients, a brief course of oral steroids should be administered before surgery. Surgical debridement of localized osteomyelitis is recommended if a bony sequestrum of infection exists. The treatment approach to chronic sinusitis and recurrent sinusitis should begin with identifying contributing factors such as underlying conditions (i. In many cases, recurrent infections can be prevented by daily maintenance therapy with an oral 12-hour sustained-release decongestant (i. Oral phenylpropanolamine increases ostial and nasal patency, facilitating mucus drainage and thereby preventing infection (64). Chronic use of topical glucocorticoids in combination with topical decongestants reduces nasal airway resistance and ameliorates radiographic changes in patients with chronic sinusitis ( 65). Based on these reports, concurrent administration of nasal topical glucocorticoids and a 12-hour slow-release oral sympathomimetic (pseudoephedrine or phenylpropanolamine) is a rational strategy for prevention of recurrent sinusitis. When all attempts at pharmacologic management have failed, surgery may be required for chronic or recurrent sinusitis. Functional endoscopic sinus surgery has supplanted older surgical procedures such as maxillary Caldwell-Luc antrostomy. The basic principle of endoscopic techniques is to resect the inflamed tissues that obstruct the osteomeatal complex and the anterior ethmoids, and thus directly interfere with normal physiologic drainage. Inflammation or scarring of the latter structures obstructs drainage, resulting in spread of infection to the maxillary and frontal sinus cavities. Surgical resection of ethmoidal and osteomeatal structures is performed through the nose under guidance of a rigid endoscope. This type of surgery is far more effective than the Caldwell-Luc procedure, which failed to restore normal physiologic drainage through the ostia. Because nasal endoscopic surgery is less invasive, postoperative morbidity has been reduced markedly in comparison with formerly used surgical techniques. A 4-year follow-up of 100 patients reported general improvement in over 90% of patients. Recurrence of symptoms occurred as late as 3 years after surgery and primarily in patients who initially presented with nasal polyps, aspirin sensitivity, and reactive airways disease (37). Therefore, the evaluation and treatment of nonallergic rhinitis can be challenging. Nonallergic rhinitis is defined as inflammation of the nasal mucosa that is not caused by sensitization to inhalant aeroallergens. Lack of allergic causation must be proven by the absence of skin test reactivity to a panel of common aeroallergens. Classification scheme of nonallergic rhinitis Nonallergic vasomotor rhinitis or idiopathic nonallergic rhinitis is the most common of these disorders. This is an idiopathic condition characterized by perennial nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, and postnasal discharge. Mixed perennial rhinitis is diagnosed in allergic patients with prominent vasomotor symptoms. However, a recent study reported that as compared with normal individuals, affected patients exhibited enhanced nasal responses to histamine; no increase in inflammatory cells; and nasal mucosal swelling after cold stimulation. Although cold stimulation of the feet normally causes mucosal contraction due to sympathomimetic stimulation, the opposite was observed in vasomotor rhinitis patients. This study suggests that vasomotor rhinitis patients have nasal sympathetic hyposensitivity resulting in unopposed parasympathetic stimulation (69). Atrophic rhinitis is a disorder of unknown origin, which often is seen in the elderly and is characterized by formation of thick, malodorous, dry crusts that obstruct the nasal cavity ( 70). Patients have negative skin test reactions to common inhalant aeroallergens ( 71). The turbinates are pale with a purplish hue, edematous, or similar in appearance to what is observed in allergic rhinitis. Nasal mastocytosis is a rare disorder that can be confirmed by the finding of increased mast cells in the nasal mucosa. Nasal symptoms can result from the chronic use or abuse of topical and systemic medications, a syndrome referred to as rhinitis medicamentosa. In addition to older antihypertensive agents, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors have been reported to cause rhinorrhea and vasomotor symptoms in association with chronic cough, which resolve after withdrawal of the drug ( 72). Excessive use of topical vasoconstrictor agents such as phenylephrine or oxymetazoline can result in epistaxis, rebound nasal congestion, and rarely cause nasal septal perforation. Rhinitis medicamentosa: causative agents Prominent nasal congestion is recognized in patients with hypothyroidism and myxedema. Approximately one third of pregnant women report nasal congestion and rhinorrhea during gestation (73). This could be related to progester one or estrogen-induced nasal vasodilation and enhancement of mucus secretion. Other causes of nasal obstruction must be considered in the differential diagnosis. A grossly deviated nasal septum, nasal tumors, or a foreign body can be the source of unilateral nasal obstruction refractory to medical treatment. It occurs in 5% of all basilar skull fractures but can be present in patients with no history of trauma. The nasal mucosa appear beefy red or hemorrhagic in patients with rhinitis medicamentosa. Cytologic examination of a nasal mucus smear may reveal an abundance of neutrophils, which is suggestive of infectious rhinitis ( 74). The absence of inflammatory cells on nasal smear should direct the physician to consider noninflammatory rhinopathies. Treatment The therapeutic approach to nonallergic nasal disorders is determined by findings derived from the diagnostic evaluation. Differentiation between inflammatory and noninflammatory nasal conditions is useful in selecting appropriate therapy.
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This results in the formation of negative pressure within the middle ear and subsequent retraction of the tympanic membrane ( Fig purchase cialis super active with paypal erectile dysfunction doctor calgary. High negative pressure associated with ventilation may result in aspiration of nasopharyngeal secretions into the middle ear buy cheap cialis super active 20mg impotence for males, producing acute otitis media with effusion ( Fig cheap cialis super active amex erectile dysfunction causes diabetes. Prolonged negative pressure causes fluid transudation from the middle ear mucosal blood vessels ( Fig. Also, there is an increased density of goblet cells in the epithelium of the eustachian tube. It is thought that many children with middle ear effusions, without a demonstrable cause of eustachian tube obstruction, have a growth-related inadequate action of the tensor veli palatini muscle. Another possibility is functional obstruction from persistent collapse of the tube owing to increased tubal compliance. Nasal obstruction, either from adenoid hypertrophy or from infectious or allergic inflammation, may be involved in the pathogenesis of middle ear effusion by the Toynbee phenomenon (117). Studies have reported that, when the nose is obstructed, there is an increased positive nasopharyngeal pressure followed by a negative nasopharyngeal pressure upon swallowing. The increased positive nasopharyngeal pressure may predispose to insufflation of secretions into the middle ear, and the secondary negative pressure in the nasopharynx may further be a factor in the inadequate opening of the eustachian tube, thereby causing obstruction. Infection Respiratory bacterial and viral infections are significant contributors to the pathogenesis of otitis media. Bacteria have been cultured in about 70% of middle ear effusions during tympanocentesis for otitis media in children ( 118). Recently, Alloiococcus otitis has been found to be a significant bacterial pathogen in relationship with otitis media with effusion ( 120). The predominant anaerobes are gram-positive cocci, pigmented Prevotella and Porphyromonas species, Bacterioides species, and Fusobacterium species. The predominant organisms isolated from chronic otitis media are Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and anaerobic bacteria. In neonates, group B streptococci and gram-negative organisms are common bacterial pathogens causing otitis media ( 121). Viral agents are not commonly found in middle ear effusions but are probably important in the pathogenesis of otitis media ( 123). Even though viruses are rarely cultured from middle ear aspirates, immunoassays have found viral antigens in about 10% to 20% of the samples. Viral infections have been shown to increase bacterial adhesion in the upper respiratory tract ( 125). This may allow for colonization of the upper respiratory tract with bacteria and increase the risk for otitis media. Another possible mechanism for viral infections in the pathogenesis of otitis media is the production of viral-specific IgE. Investigations suggest that the mucociliary transfer system is an important defense mechanism in clearing foreign particles from the middle ear and the eustachian tube ( 128). Goblet and secretory cells provide a mucous blanket to aid ciliated cells in transporting foreign particles toward the nasopharynx for phagocytosis by macrophages, or to the lymphatics and capillaries for clearance. Respiratory viral infections are associated with transient abnormalities in the structure and function of cilia ( 129). Primary ciliary dyskinesia, an autosomal recessive syndrome, has been linked to more than 20 different structural defects in cilia, which lead to ciliary dysfunction ( 130). Both of these conditions can lead to inefficient ciliary transport, which results in mucostatics and can contribute to eustachian tube obstruction and the development of middle ear effusion. Many investigators believe that allergic disorders do play a prominent role, either as a cause or contributory factor; whereas others state that there is no convincing evidence that allergy leads to otitis media ( 131). In a series of 488 new patients referred to a pediatric allergy clinic, 49% had documented middle ear dysfunction ( 135). Half of their patients developed chronic effusion or acute otitis media in a 6-month follow-up. Twenty-three percent were considered allergic by history, physical examination, and allergy skin testing. Other studies have failed to demonstrate atopy as a risk factor for otitis media ( 139,140). The evidence that middle ear effusions are produced as a direct consequence of the mucosa of the middle ear or eustachian tube being an allergic shock organ is conflicting. Miglets and co-workers sensitized squirrel monkeys with human serum containing ragweed antibodies ( 141). Forty-eight hours later, sensitized animals and control animals were injected with Evans blue dye. This was postulated to occur secondary to an increase in capillary permeability owing to an antigen antibody interaction. Histologically, there was an early polymorphonuclear response followed by a plasma cell infiltration. The authors concluded that the middle ear mucosa of the squirrel monkey has the capacity to act as a shock organ. In contrast, Yamashita and colleagues challenged ovalbumin-sensitized guinea pigs through the nose (143). In this study, there was an absence of histopathologic changes in the middle ear space when only the nose was challenged. This study fails to support the theory that immediate hypersensitivity is commonly associated with middle ear effusion. In human studies, Friedman and co-workers evaluated eight patients, aged 18 to 29 years, with seasonal rhinitis but no middle ear disease ( 144). Patients were blindly challenged with the pollen to which the patient was sensitive or to a control. Nasal function was determined by nasal rhinomanometry and eustachian tube function by the nine-step-deflation tympanometric test. The results from this and other studies ( 4,145) showed that eustachian tube dysfunction can be induced by antigen and histamine challenge ( 146), although no middle ear effusions occurred. Osur evaluated 15 children with ragweed allergy and measured eustachian tube dysfunction before, during, and after a ragweed season ( 145). The most prominent immunoglobulin found in effusions is secretory IgA, although IgG and IgE are found to be elevated in some patients. In most of these investigations, patients failed to demonstrate an elevated effusion IgE level compared with the serum IgE level (150). Although allergen-specific IgE can be found in effusions, the specificity is usually the same as that of serum. A definitive interpretation of these data is impossible, but it appears as if they, on the whole, fail to support the concept of the middle ear as a shock organ in most patients. There may be exceptions to this because IgE antibodies against ragweed ( 151), Alternaria species (55), and mite (152) have been reported in effusions but not in sera, in isolated instances. These researchers evaluated 89 patients for allergy who required the placement of tympanostomy tubes because of persistent effusion. Significant levels of eosinophil cationic protein and eosinophils were found in the effusions, suggesting allergic inflammation in the middle ear ( 154).
