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Amphetamines can stimulate respiration and suppress appetite and perception of pain purchase genuine mentax antifungal tablets that you swallow. By a mechanism that is not understood purchase 15 mg mentax fungus cure, amphetamines can enhance the analgesic effects of morphine and other opioids quality 15 mg mentax nematodes for fungus gnats. Norepinephrine acts in the heart to increase heart rate, atrioventricular conduction, and force of contraction. With regular amphetamine use, tolerance develops to elevation of mood, suppression of appetite, and stimulation of the heart and blood vessels. In highly tolerant users, doses up to 1000 mg given intravenously every few hours may be required to maintain euphoric effects. If amphetamines are abruptly withdrawn from a dependent person, an abstinence syndrome will ensue. Symptoms include exhaustion, depression, prolonged sleep, excessive eating, and a craving for more amphetamine. Because amphetamines can produce euphoria (extreme mood elevation), they have a high potential for abuse. Whenever amphetamines are used therapeutically, their potential for abuse must be weighed against their potential benefits. At recommended doses, stimulants produce a small increase in heart rate and blood pressure. However, for patients with preexisting cardiovascular disease, stimulants may cause dysrhythmias, anginal pain, or hypertension. Any patient who develops cardiovascular symptoms while using a stimulant should be evaluated immediately. Sudden death in children on these medications is very rare, and evidence is conflicting regarding risk for sudden death. However, given that millions of children have used the drug, the death rate is no greater than would be expected for a group this size, whether or not Adderall was being used. First, there are conflicting data showing that stimulants increase the risk for sudden death, even in children with heart disease. Second, there are no data showing that limiting the use of stimulants in children with heart defects will protect them from sudden death. Excessive amphetamine use produces a state of paranoid psychosis, characterized by hallucinations and paranoid delusions. After amphetamine withdrawal, psychosis usually resolves spontaneously within a week. For these people, symptoms of psychosis do not clear spontaneously and hence psychiatric care is indicated. Overdose produces dizziness, confusion, hallucinations, paranoid delusions, palpitations, dysrhythmias, and hypertension. Owing to its ability to block alpha receptors, chlorpromazine helps lower blood pressure. Narcolepsy is a disorder characterized by daytime somnolence and uncontrollable attacks of sleep. B l a c k B o x Wa r n i n g : A m p h e t a m i n e A b u s e Amphetamines have a high potential for abuse and dependence. In patients who use amphetamines chronically, withdrawal may occur if use of these medications is suddenly stopped. Methylphenidate and Dexmethylphenidate Methylphenidate and dexmethylphenidate are nearly identical in structure and pharmacologic actions. Furthermore, the pharmacology of both drugs is nearly identical to that of the amphetamines. Methylphenidate Although methylphenidate [Ritalin, Metadate, Methylin, Concerta, Daytrana, Biphentin ] is structurally dissimilar from the amphetamines, the pharmacologic actions of these drugs are essentially the same. Consequently, methylphenidate can be considered an amphetamine in all but structure and name. Like amphetamine, methylphenidate is not a single compound, but rather a 50 : 50 mixture of dextro and levo isomers. B l a c k B o x Wa r n i n g : M e t h y l p h e n i d a t e A b u s e Chronic abuse of methylphenidate can lead to marked tolerance and psychological dependence with varying degrees of abnormal behavior and possible frank psychotic episodes. As noted, the dextro isomer accounts for most of the pharmacologic activity of methylphenidate, a 50 : 50 mixture of dextro and levo isomers. Accordingly, the pharmacology of dexmethylphenidate is nearly identical to that of methylphenidate. The only difference is that the dosage of dexmethylphenidate is one half the dosage of methylphenidate. Methylxanthines The methylxanthines are methylated derivatives of xanthine, hence the family name. These compounds consist of a xanthine nucleus with one or more methyl groups attached. Pregnant women Caffeine may pose a small risk for birth defects, although human data are lacking. Food and Drug Administration Pregnancy Risk Category C because adverse fetal effects have been demonstrated in animal studies. Breastfeeding Stimulants, such as methylphenidate, do not have any reported side effects in the breastfeeding infant. Older adults Most studies focus on patients older than 65 years because stimulants are often used for treatment of apathy, depression, and fatigue in the older-adult population. Consider a lower starting dose and monitor heart rate, blood pressure, and weight. In the United States per capita consumption is about 200 mg/day, mostly in the form of coffee. Although clinical applications of caffeine are few, caffeine remains of interest because of its widespread ingestion for nonmedical purposes. In low doses, caffeine decreases drowsiness and fatigue and increases the capacity for prolonged intellectual exertion. Despite popular belief, there is little evidence that caffeine can restore mental function during intoxication with alcohol, although it might delay passing out. When caffeinated beverages are consumed in excessive amounts, dysrhythmias may result. Caffeine and other methylxanthines cause relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle and thereby promote bronchodilation. Theophylline is an especially effective bronchodilator and hence can be used to treat asthma (see Chapter 60). The mechanism underlying increased urine formation is likely related to suppression of antidiuretic hormone in the posterior pituitary. Caffeine readily crosses the placenta and may pose a risk for birth defects, although that risk appears low. When applied to cells in culture, caffeine can cause chromosomal damage and mutations. However, the concentrations required are much greater than can be achieved by drinking caffeinated beverages. Also, although there is clear proof that caffeine can cause birth defects in animals, studies have failed to document birth defects in humans.

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The incidence of adverse effects is amount of drug that is deposited in the mouth and upper markedly reduced when these drugs are given by inhalation cheap 15 mg mentax with mastercard antifungal nail paste, airway and facilitates the delivery of the drug to the so this route of administration is employed whenever bronchioles buy mentax 15mg on-line fungi ringworm definition. Chapter 27 y Drugs for Respiratory Tract Disorders 287 As with other antiinfammatory drugs order cheap mentax fungus gnats soap spray, corticosteroids are rhinitis or vernal conjunctivitis, cromolyn is administered primarily used on a long-term basis to prevent asthmatic several times a day at regular intervals. The Cromolyn is administered orally before meals and at maximal response to steroids usually requires treatment for bedtime to treat systemic mastocytosis, a rare condition up to 8 weeks. Corticosteroids can reduce the number and characterized by infltration of the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, severity of symptoms and decrease the need for β2- and gastrointestinal tract with mast cells. Cromolyn and other mast cell stabiliz- and upper airway can lead to oral candidiasis (thrush). This problem is inhaled cromolyn can irritate the throat and cause cough and diffcult to evaluate because asthmatic children may have bronchospasm. Administration of a β2-adrenoceptor agonist growth disturbances related to their disease. Nasal and ocular of 21 studies, however, concluded that inhaled beclome- preparations can cause localized pain and irritation, but thasone does not cause growth impairment. Cromolyn does study showed that 95% of children who received inhaled not interact signifcantly with other drugs. Lodoxamide and Nedocromil Formulation products combining corticosteroids and Lodoxamide and nedocromil have properties similar to long-acting β2-receptor agonists (see later), including futi- those of cromolyn and are formulated as ophthalmic solu- casone and salmeterol (Advair), budesonide and for- tions to treat ocular allergies, including vernal keratitis and moterol (Symbicort), and mometasone and formoterol vernal conjunctivitis. They can cause ocular discomfort but (Dulera), are often used for the treatment of asthma. Leukotriene Inhibitors Mast Cell Stabilizers Leukotrienes (leuko from leukocyte; trienes from three con- Cromolyn Sodium jugated double bonds) are a group of arachidonic acid Chemistry and Mechanisms. Cromolyn sodium and metabolites formed via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway in mast related drugs are nonsteroidal compounds that stabilize the cells and various types of leukocytes, as shown in Figure plasma membranes of mast cells and eosinophils and thereby 27-2. Hence, these drugs are often called mast cell tion, increase vascular permeability, increase collagen, and stabilizers. Inhibition of mediator release by cromolyn and cause smooth muscle proliferation and contraction. These related drugs is thought to result from blockade of calcium effects lead to airway infammation and to sustained bron- infux into mast cells. The effects of leukotrienes are mediated in interfere with the binding of immunoglobulin E (IgE) to part by activation of G protein–coupled receptors linked mast cells or with the binding of antigen to IgE. Their with Gq, which increases intracellular calcium and activates benefcial effects in asthma and other conditions are largely protein kinase C. Cromolyn and other mast cell stabi- Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists lizers are rather insoluble in body fuids, and minimal Mechanisms. Montelukast and zafrlukast have a struc- systemic absorption occurs after oral administration or inha- ture that resembles that of the cysteinyl leukotrienes, and lation of these drugs. When cromolyn is administered by These drugs inhibit both the early and the late phases inhalation, its major effect is exerted on the respiratory tract of bronchoconstriction induced by antigen challenge. Most of the However, they do not block the effects of leukotriene B4, drug is swallowed after inhalation, and about 98% is excreted which appear to be important in severe asthma and asthma in the feces. Montelukast and zafrlukast are treat asthma or allergic rhinitis and is available in an oph- administered orally and are well absorbed from the gut. Montelukast is taken as a single daily dose in the evening Cromolyn and related compounds are primarily used for the and is available in dosage forms for treating adults and long-term prophylaxis of asthmatic bronchoconstriction and pediatric patients as young as 6 months old. Zafrlukast is allergic reactions, and they have no role in the treatment of indicated for patients aged 5 years and older and is given acute bronchospasm. For perennial asthma, the drug is twice daily 1 to 2 hours before meals because food retards usually given several times a day at regular intervals until its absorption. Improvement can require several weeks, teins (>99%) and are extensively metabolized by hepatic and then the dosage can be reduced to the lowest effective cytochrome P450 enzymes. The The immediate-release formulation should be taken orally benefcial effects of these drugs are cumulative, and maximal four times a day, but a sustained-release preparation is now effectiveness may require several weeks to months of therapy. Zileuton undergoes Although they are not indicated for the treatment of acute some frst-pass hepatic inactivation and is almost entirely bronchospasm, they do enhance the bronchodilating effect eliminated as the glucuronide metabolite with a half-life of of β2-agonists. Zileuton may elevate nists are relatively free of serious adverse effects, but hyper- hepatic enzyme levels, so patients taking the drug should sensitivity reactions and other adverse effects may occur in be monitored for signs of hepatitis. Rare cases of liver injury have nase levels greater than three times the upper limit of normal been reported, and a few cases of liver failure have occurred. It is not a bronchodila- Pirbuterol 5 5 2 puffs every 4-6 tor and has no utility in acute episodes. The most common Salmeterol 20 12 2 puffs every 12 side effects of rofumilast are diarrhea, nausea, and weight hours loss. The drug causes psychiatric effects in about 5% of Terbutaline 5-15 3-6 2 puffs every 4-6 patients, particularly anxiety, insomnia, and depression. Rofumilast is adminis- the inhalational route to prevent or treat acute broncho- tered orally once a day and has good oral bioavailability. The half-lives use a metered-dose inhaler, the oral formulations have a of the parent compound and its metabolite are about 17 and slower onset of action and can cause more systemic side 30 hours, respectively. All gency department visits between racemic albuterol and of these drugs relax bronchial smooth muscle and prevent levalbuterol. The β2-agonists are the only type Salmeterol and formoterol are long-acting β2-receptor of bronchodilator used to counteract acute asthmatic attacks. Theophyl- They are particularly useful in preventing nocturnal line can be administered on a long-term basis to prevent asthmatic attacks, which are sometimes life-threatening. These drugs are not indicated for the treatment of The selective β2-adrenoceptor agonists are the primary acute bronchospasm, for which a rapid-acting β2-agonist bronchodilators used in the treatment of asthma. The selective β2-agonists relax of bronchoconstriction in patients with chronic bronchitis bronchial smooth muscle without producing as much cardiac or emphysema. Salmeterol and formoterol are available as stimulation as do the nonselective β-receptor agonists (Fig. The selectivity of β2-agonists is limited, however, and futicasone or budesonide, respectively (see earlier). It is an β-receptors, and even highly selective β2-agonists may ultralong-acting β2-receptor agonist, and a recent study thereby increase heart rate and contractility. Ipratropium is the isopropyl derivative of atropine, slower to develop than that of a β2-agonist, but it lasts whose properties are described in Chapter 7. In one study, for example, investigators found that of the isopropyl group results in a quaternary ammonium the effect of ipratropium was sustained after 12 weeks of compound that is not well absorbed into the circulation. Effects of isoproterenol and albuterol on heart rate and pulmonary function in asthmatic patients. A nasal solution can be used whereas others are caused by inhibition of T-lymphocyte to reduce rhinorrhea in patients with allergic or viral proliferation and cytokine production. It also impairs the release of cationic basic protein and a β2-agonist has a greater bronchodilating effect than and eosinophil-derived neurotoxin, which are substances either drug alone, and this combination is benefcial in some that contribute to asthma by damaging the epithelial lining cases of moderate to severe asthma. Clinical studies found that tiotropium the urine, along with 10% of the parent drug.

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Scoring systems utilizing routine observations and vital signs taken by the nursing and ancillary stafare used to evaluate the possible deterioration ofpatients purchase mentax 15 mg on-line anti fungal bacterial cream. This dete­ rioration is fequently preceded by a frther decline in physiological parameters mentax 15 mg cheap black fungus definition. Fur­ thermore purchase 15 mg mentax fungus and animal predation, a failure ofthe clinical stafto recognize this failure in respiratory or cerebral fnction will put patients at risk of cardiac arrest. Precautions to prevent aspiration such as elevation of the head of the bed to 30° to 45° should be instituted whenever there is a change in mental status, or increased risk of aspiration, provided the current blood pressure allows this. Cardiac arrest has been associated with the failure to correct physiological derangement in oxygenation (breathing), hypotension (blood pressure), and mental status (see Table 1-1). The respiratory rate varies with age, but the normal reference range for an adult is 12 to 20 breaths/minute. A narrow pulse pressure value is also caused by aortic stenosis and cardiac tamponade. When excessively elevated, these values are associated with an increased risk of stroke and heart disease. The pulse rate is usually measured at the wrist or at the ankle and is recorded as beats/minute. The pulse rate can also be measured by listening directly to the heartbeat using a stethoscope. Rates <60 or rates >100 are defined as bra­ dycardia and tachycardia, respectively. When there is a rapid, regular pulse, sinus tachycardia and supraventricular tachycardia should be considered. An elevated temperature is an important indicator of illness, espe­ cially when preceded by chills. Systemic infection or infammation is indicated by the presence of a fever (temperature >38. Fever will increase the heart rate by 10 beats/minute with every Fahrenheit (F) degree above normal. Temperature depression (hypothermia), <95°F, should also be evaluated since it is an ominous sign for severe disease and is more threatening than hyperthermia. Body temperature is maintained through a balance of the heat produced by the body and the heat lost from the body. The patient should be made comfortable and fuid repletion should be used to counter the fever induced fluid losses. High spiking fevers in the 104°F to 105°F range are less likely septic and may represent a drug allergy or blood transfsion reaction. Severe sepsis is defined as sepsis with organ dysfunction, hypoperfusion, or hypotension. Septic shock is defined as sepsis-induced hypotension or hypoperfusion abnormalities despite adequate fluid resuscitation. The phrase "fifth vital sign" usually refers to pain or the oxygen saturation measurement. Pupil size, equality in pupil size, and reactivity to light can also be used as a vital signs. The 90% 0 sat point represents the elbow of the hemoglobin dissociation2 curve, whereas below this number there is rapid hemoglobin desaturation; above this number there is little gained in 0 carrying capacity of the hemoglobin. Whether implemented by physicians, nonphysician providers, or nurses, protocols serve to standardize care practices, reduce unnecessary variation in care, and aid in the implementation of evidence-based therapies. These include protocols for sedation, weaning fom mechanical ventilation, lung protective ventilation in acute lung injury, early adequate resuscita­ tion in severe sepsis, and moderate glucose control in post-cardiac surgery patients. Protocol-based care ofers a unique opportunity to improve the care ofpatients who do not have access to an intensivist. Protocols are not superior to major decisions made by a qualified intensivist or physician. The evidence suggests that outcomes are improved when routine care decisions are standardized and taken out of the hands of individuals. There are a myriad of laboratory data that can be obtained quickly to aid in the diagnosis and treatment of patients. The current gold standard for the organization of critical care services is the incorporation of an intensivist in the multidisciplinary care team. The intensiv­ ist is responsible for overseeing the multidisciplinary, collaborative team of nurses, clinical pharmacists, respiratory therapists, and nutritionists. Dry mucous membranes, costo­ vertebral angle tenderness, poor skin turgor, and an absence of edema are noted on physical examination. Aggressive fuid resuscitation with resolution of lactic acidosis within the first 6 hours has a beneficial efect on the survival of patients with severe sepsis. Early goal-directed therapy that included interventions delivered within the first 6 hours to maintain a central venous oxygen saturation of >70% and to efect a resolution of lactic acidosis resulted in higher survival rates than more delayed resuscitation attempts. Crystalloid is given much more frequently than colloid, and there are no data to support rou­ tinely using colloid in lieu of crystalloid. Blood transfsions may be part of the resuscitation efort for anemic patients in shock. This constellation of fndings in a postoperative patient is most consistent with hemorrhagic shock, or hypovolemic shock. An alternative is the possible insertion of coronary artery stents with backup open cardiac bypass surgery, which is available at a transfer fa cility 30 minutes away. On arrival the patientwas given 325 mgofaspirin, started on a heparin infusion, and nitroglycerin intravenous infusion, supplemented with a loading dose ofclopidogrel. What are the key conditions that must be stabilized and secured when transfer­ ring a critically ill patient between fa cilities? Personnel experienced in transferring critically ill patients should be incorporated into the transfer. Describe how to assess the benefits and risks of transferring the critically ill patient. Discuss the modalities of inter-hospital transfer the their advantages and dis­ advantages. Co nsidertions Before transfer is attempted, it must be demonstrated that there is a clear benefit in the treatment available at the receiving facility compared to the current facility. After assuring stabilization and the absence of life-threatening conditions or arrhythmias, he can be transferred with appropriate monitoring and personnel. The accepting institution is 30 minutes away which is a reasonable distance for transport. Nevertheless, critical care transport is a high-risk undertaking, regardless of the setting. Adequate planning, proper equipment, and appropriate stafing can minimize the transportation risks. Inter-hospital transport of the critically ill patient presents more problems than in­ house transport because of the distance, different hospital settings, and inability for prior planning. Guidelines of personnel needs such as physicians, nurses, and para­ medics have come from these experiences. Alternative advantages and disadvan­ tages in transport by air or ground are also necessarily weighed.

Now with the nasal tip fully exposed in its natural state buy mentax pills in toronto antifungal vitamins minerals, accurate diagnosis can be made as to the cause of these foundational abnormalities order cheapest mentax and mentax fungus gnats kill plants. Consideration should be given to the following tip assessments with the tip structures exposed: (1) medial crural length; (2) lateral crural length; (3) symmetry of the two paired medial and two paired lower lateral cartilages; (4) domal position and symmetry; (5) Fig purchase mentax master card kingdom fungi definition biology. This previously placed tip grafts; (7) stability and strength of the tip technique allows complete exposure of the caudal septum for repair. Many variations and abnormalities may be encountered with proper diagnosis, including twisted and crooked tip complexes, caudal septum may be completely distorted or severely weak- asymmetric lower medial cartilages, asymmetric lower lateral ened and/or previously transected. In cases of curvature, scor- cartilages, biconvex or broadly curved lower lateral cartilages, ing can be successfully employed to straighten the curvature by asymmetric knuckling of cartilages at the domes, overresected scoring the cartilage along its concave side. Care is taken to cartilages, previously placed tip grafts, and weakened tip score superficially, avoiding complete transection and over- complexes. In cases of base deflection off the With tip assessment completed, attention should then be maxilla, a No. Many times, the length of the cartilage base must deformities of the caudal septum include curvature of the sep- be shortened to allow it to sit properly in the midline without tum and/or deflection of the septum and septal base off the midline anterior nasal spine. Other abnormalities may include a weakened or severely deformed caudal septal strut as a result of previous septorhinoplasty. Once diagnosis (and when done properly, confirmation of physical exam) is complete, attention should be turned first at correction of any caudal septal abnor- malities. We prefer to divide the soft tissue between the medial crura and domes to expose the caudal septum at the anterior septal angle. In cases of septal cartilage harvest or septoplasty, these procedures can be per- formed at this time. The strut is then secured in erally consists of either septal curvature, deflection of the base place. In cases of previously transected, severely deformed, or an overly weakened caudal septum, the caudal septum must be completely reconstructed and replaced or reinforced with a strong cartilage graft. This is best done with a straight portion of harvested septal cartilage combined with extended spreader grafts when necessary. Though removing the entire caudal sep- tum may seem daunting to the novice rhinoplasty surgeon, inadequate correction of a severe caudal septal deformity will inhibit adequate correction of the twisted tip and ultimately result in patient and surgeon dissatisfaction. This is done using a strong columellar strut to ensure that the base foundation is as straight as it can be. Analogous to building a house, if the foundation is crooked, the entire house will follow. In the case of the crooked tip, the foundation is likely already uneven and setting the new foundation will set up the rest of the procedure for success. Once the base is set, the upper half of the tip (top of the house) can be fine-tuned for symmetry. A second Keith needle is then placed just behind the first with a 4–0 Vicryl suture and the columella. The author’s technique for ensuring a straight base foundation follows: Construct an adequate columellar strut from the harvested cartilage (again, septum is best and rib base of the columella. A pocket needs to be dissected between the domes and retracted anteriorly straight up to provide optimal lower medial cartilages down to the anterior nasal spine. The nee- strut is then placed between the medial crura, with the base of dle is then passed through the opposite medial crura and mem- the graft resting on the spine. A second needle is then passed behind the col- through the membranous septum, through the right medial lat- umellar strut near the most caudal posterior aspect of the sep- eral cartilage, and into the columellar strut, low near the very tum from one side to the other; 4–0 Vicryl is used and the strut is secured in place. At this point, the surgeon assesses the straightness of the nasal base from the true basal view. If the columella is canting to one side or the other, or the columella is not straight, the sutures are removed and the process is repeated until the columella is completely straight up the midline. The key to this maneuver is focusing only on the nasal base at this point—pay no attention to the domes, as they may be uneven at this point. As long as the base has been corrected and straightened, the domes can be fine- tuned at a later step. In fact, when the cut cartilage edges are overlapped and stabilized, the M- arch is actually strengthened as compared with its native state. The arch is incised vertically and overlapped cartilage to analyze the lower two thirds of the columella and make sure that the construct is straight. Alternatively, 4–0 Vicryl sutures can be used to stabilize the cartilages through the ves- applied. This technique can be applied predictably to ally or bilaterally depending on the anatomic diagnosis at this achieve rotation, deprojection, and lobular refinement; to cor- point. Again, understanding the ideal tip structure will allow rect asymmetries; or to improve the nostril:columellar ratio any surgeon to assess and treat each of the problems associated. Alar Strut Grafting (Lateral Crural Grafting) Cephalic Trim Often, tip asymmetry is a direct result of the intrinsic asymmet- ric shape of the lower lateral cartilages. One cartilage may be The lateral crura are initially addressed to effect some degree of relatively convex, or biconvex, compared with the opposite car- lobule refinement. Horizontal resection of the cephalic margin of the lower lateral cartilage can achieve some reduction in supratip fullness and may allow for rotation by other means, though it does not in itself produce substantial rotation. Consid- erably more important than the cartilage resected is the amount and symmetry of cartilage retained, a principle that is readily noted using the open technique. Reduction of the crural arch to less than 8 to 10mm will serve only to heighten the risks of postoperative alar retraction and buckling. Lateral Crural Flap When significant domal asymmetry exists as a consequence of asymmetric lower lateral cartilage length, or when the nasal tip needs to be deprojected and rotated, a vertical division of the lower lateral cartilages with overlapping flap stabilization can be employed to achieve better symmetry and the desired result. Though warned against by some surgeons because of the pro- pensity for tip irregularities, we find this maneuver, when Fig. It is important to overlap the cartilages, rather than 327 Tip Rhinoplasty the lateral crus. The same principle is applied as with the alar strut graft, and it is important to make sure the graft spans from the remaining domal segment down over the pyriform edge 42. The difference is the location of vertical division, this time on the medial or intermediate crus. By shortening the excessive cartilage length of the M-arch directly, there is greater potential for achieving adequate deprojection, more predictive healing out- comes, and preservation or even strengthening of the tip com- plex. Vertical division of the M-arch with overlapping suture stabilization of the divided segments can provide a very desir- able and effective outcome. If lobular definition is satisfac- tory and the goal is to deproject, division at the medial crural feet preserves lobular contour and counterrotates. Furthermore, when the lobular contour is asymmetric, verti- cal division within the domal arch segment may be used to simultaneously correct arch length and asymmetry in addition to irregularities of the lobular-columellar relationship, such as a hanging infratip. Vertical arch divisions are ideally performed within the intermediate crus so that the overlap is concealed in the infratip region postoperatively. This graft can also be placed more caudal, toward the tip, to improve substantially affecting lobular width or rotation. Conversely, buckled or asymmetric cartilage just lateral to the tip defining points.